In Europe, more than 220 e-fuels research and demonstrator projects have either been developed, completed, or are currently being planned with a peak reached in 2018. Installed electrolyzer capacities are getting higher and higher, indicating that consolidation is taking place, as fewer projects are closer to commercialization. Projects involve a large amount of partners in order to meet significant investment costs to develop these industries. Technical demonstrators and systems integration are of major importance for integrating PtX into energy systems and qualifying the business model: processes are highly dependant on the costs of electricity for electrolysis and of CO2.
[105]Audi, 2015. Audi e-fuels.
[106] Wulf C. et al., 2020. Review of Power-to-X Demonstration Projects in Europe. Front. Energy Res., 25 September 2020.
[107] South China Morning Post, 2020. China’s carbon neutral goal: Hitachi to build world’s biggest plant in Shaanxi to mix carbon dioxide, hydrogen into methane.
[108] STORE&GO project website.
[109] Westküste 100 project website.
[110] North-C-Methanol project website.
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