This chapter discusses using electricity to produce heat or generate microwaves for converting feedstocks like carbon molecules or iron ore into chemicals, materials, and steel. While novel heat pumps cannot deliver heat above 200°C (and we do not see this changing over the next decade(s)), they are suitable for industries like food proces-sing, textiles, and paper. A key issue with current heat pumps is the high global warming potential of the refrigerants used.
